The Best Scholarships in Colorado

​College is an exciting time for most students and their families, but there's one part that strikes fear into the hearts of students, their parents, and quite a few economists: student loans. The average graduate of an undergraduate program in 2016 has more than $30,000 in student loan debt, and that number is only expected to increase with each successive graduating class. Though it might seem as if there's no way to escape this eventual reality, students should keep in mind that many scholarships exist to help offset the increasingly high cost of higher education.In Colorado, students have many wonderful choices to offset the cost of their studies at the state's public and private universities. Whether it's a widely available program that all Colorado students qualify for or a niche program that focuses on certain majors, minority students, and community involvement, there is a scholarship program for everyone.These generous financial aid programs add real peace of mind to the college process: They're generous, competitive, and granted without the expectation or requirement of repayment. Whether merit-based or need-based, these 35 scholarship programs fill the gap between state grants, federal grants, and university programs. For some students, they may very well eliminate the need for student loan programs altogether.​ 1.MGMA Western Section Scholarships Offered by the National Medical Group Management Association, the Western Section scholarship is sponsored by the western regional division of this medically-focused professional group. In order to qualify for the single, $2,500 scholarship award, students must be majoring in a medically-related subject area at a Colorado college or university. Colorado Students will be in competition with students from several other western states, making this a particularly competitive scholarship.You can learn more about the ​MGMA Western Section Scholarships here. 2.Partner Colorado Foundation Scholarships Open to graduating high school seniors as well as continuing college and university students; the Partner Colorado Foundation scholarship program offers several scholarship awards to students between the ages of 17 and 40. In order to qualify, students must be Colorado residents who attend a Colorado college, university, or technical school, and must have at least a 2.0 GPA. Applications are reviewed annually, and students can apply during each of their four years of undergraduate study.You can learn more about the ​Partner Colorado Foundation Scholarships here. 3.Rocky Mountain Coal Mining Technical School Scholarship Eight annual scholarships are made available as part of this unique program, with a maximum award of $1,000. To qualify for this program, students must be enrolled in a technical school that offers coal mining management or practice courses. In addition to submitting a formal application, students will need to have a 2.0 minimum GPA and must be available for an in-person interview with the selection committee during the month of March.You can learn more about the ​Rocky Mountain Coal Mining Technical School Scholarship here. 4.The CASFM Scholarship This nonrenewable scholarship is designed to offset the cost of programs related to the Colorado Association of Stormwater and Floodplain Managers. Students who are enrolled in programs like hydrology, floodplain management, meteorology, climatology, and stormwater quality, should submit the personal application and a topical essay. The group selects several finalists each year for an in-person interview before deciding on the eventual winner.You can learn more about theThe CASFM Scholarship here. 5.Carlos Martinez Kinnison Migrant Memorial Scholarship This highly specific scholarship program is offered to migrant workers who perform agricultural work in Colorado, Texas, or both states throughout the year. To qualify for this unique program, applicants should be studying a medically-related program at an accredited institution in the state of Colorado. A single grant is awarded each year of $1,000. Though the program does not renew, applicants are eligible to reapply each year.You can learn more about the ​Carlos Martinez Kinnison Migrant Memorial Scholarship here. 6.Alice Hamilton Scholarship Fund Offered by the Colorado Archaeological Society, this scholarship honors the memory of one of the organization's former members. The award is given each year in amounts from $200 to $750 to several students studying archaeology or a related field. Students must be Colorado residents who are studying at a Colorado university. Importantly, the application is considered solely based on the applicant's educational merits and not based on their financial need.You can learn more about the ​Alice Hamilton Scholarship Fund here. 7.Colorado Centennial Scholars-Colorado Graduate Scholarships Designed as one of the most prestigious and competitive scholarships in the state, this Colorado financial aid program is strictly merit-based and is targeted at some of the state's best students. Graduating high school seniors are eligible to apply for the program if they have a cumulative GPA of at least 3.75. An application, essay, and official transcript are required. The award amount varies each year and is based strictly on a student's academic merit.You can learn more about the ​Colorado Centennial Scholars-Colorado Graduate Scholarships here. 8.Reed Penington Family Trust Scholarship This need-based program is offered in partnership with Colorado universities. In order to be considered for the program, students should submit the FAFSA before their school's deadline and file a formal application with the financial aid office. Applications are submitted through participating universities, with winners selected by the Reed Pennington Foundation each spring. While the maximum award amount is $2,000, this amount will be adjusted based on the student's â€Å"expected family contribution† after submitting the FAFSA.You can learn more about the ​Reed Penington Family Trust Scholarship herï » ¿Ã¯ » ¿e. 9.Mildred S. Hansen Nursing Scholarship Offered to students at the University of Northern Colorado, this unique program was designed to offset the cost of pursuing Nurse Practitioner certification. Students must submit an official UNC transcript, a formal application, and a required essay. A single winner is selected each spring. The winner will be featured on the scholarship's website.You can learn more about the ​Mildred S. Hansen Nursing Scholarship here. 10.Guardian Scholars Scholarship Program Offered by the Vail Valley Foundation, this scholarship is available to all graduating Colorado high school seniors in Eagle County who have been part of the Foster Care system during any part of their educational career. In addition to a need-based scholarship that covers tuition and fees, winners become part of a unique mentoring program within the VVF that helps them work through academic and social issues that are common among many Foster Care "alumni."You can learn more about the ​Guardian Scholars Scholarship Program here. 11.American Council of Engineering Companies (Colorado) Scholarship The Colorado chapter of ACEC offers engineering scholarships to students who are enrolled in an engineering program at a Colorado university. These scholarships are strictly merit-based. While the group awards up to $40,000 in scholarships annual, the largest award is a $17,500 grant, offered on a merit basis to the state's most promising undergraduate engineering student. Smaller awards of up to $1,000 are also available.You can learn more about the ​American Council of Engineering Companies (Colorado) Scholarship herï » ¿Ã¯ » ¿e. 12.The Alexander Foundation Scholarship Colorado's Alexander Foundation is devoted to advocacy for, and financial support of, LGBT students throughout the state. As part of that commitment, the Alexander Foundation offers an annual scholarship to Colorado residents who are pursuing an undergraduate or graduate degree at a university in Colorado. Award amounts range from $300 to $3,000; while the award cannot be renewed, students can apply each year again until they have received a maximum of $9,000 in Alexander Foundation scholarship funds.You can learn more about the ​The Alexander Foundation Scholarship here. 13.Credit Union of Colorado Foundation Scholarship One of the state's newest scholarship programs, the Credit Union of Colorado Foundation offers annual awards of up to $5,000 for eight students. To be eligible, students must be Colorado residents attending a Colorado college or university, with a 3.5 high school or undergraduate GPA. The program does not renew automatically, but students can apply for up to four years in a row. Students should also be active in community service or engagement programs in order to maximize their chances at being selected for this program.You can learn more about the ​Credit Union of Colorado Foundation Scholarship here. 14.Burg Simpson's Preserving the Civil Jury System Scholarship Graduating high school seniors at any school in Colorado are eligible to apply to this program. The stated goal of this scholarship is to encourage an interest in the American jury system. As such, applicants will need to submit an essay about the jury system, with the exact topic selected by the scholarship committee each year. Nine students will be chosen for the award. Eight winners are granted a $1,000 scholarship, while the remaining winner will be awarded a larger, $2,500 scholarship.You can learn more about the ​Burg Simpson's Preserving the Civil Jury System Scholarship here. 15.University of Colorado: First Generation Scholars Program The University of Colorado at Boulder has established a program that rewards students for being the first in their family to pursue post-secondary training and education. Students whose parents have not received any education or technical training beyond high school, and who can provide documentation of this fact, are considered for the program. A maximum award of $2,000 is offered to Boulder freshmen, along with membership in the First Generation Scholars program for the duration of their time at the university.You can learn more about the ​University of Colorado: First Generation Scholars Program here. 16.Western Colorado Horticultural Society Scholarship The Western Colorado Horticultural Society is one of several horticultural organizations offering scholarships to students who study a related field at a Colorado university. In order to qualify for the group's single, $1,000 scholarship, applicants must be Colorado high school graduates who are attending a public or private university in the state. The program is decided based solely on college major and academic merit, which means students will need to submit high school and/or college transcripts as part of the application package.You can learn more about the ​Western Colorado Horticultural Society Scholarship here. 17.The Pinnacol Foundation College Scholarship Program This unique scholarship program offers an annual award to students whose parents have been injured or killed in a workplace accident. The program requires that applicants have at least a 2.0 GPA, are Colorado residents, and are attending a Colorado college or university. Applicants should also be between the ages of 16 and 25, and their parents should be able to provide Colorado Workers' Compensation documentation relating to the nature of their workplace injury.You can learn more about The Pinnacol Foundation College Scholarship Program here​. 18.The Bradley D. Gendron Memorial Scholarship Offered by the National Diabetes Scholars' Foundation to students who reside in Colorado, the Bradley D. Gendron Memorial Scholarship is designed to help students with Type 1 diabetes afford the cost of higher education at a Colorado state college, university, or vocational school. In addition to a formal application and essay, students will need to submit medical information pertaining to their Type 1 diabetes diagnosis and treatment. A single award of $1,000 is offered each year.You can learn more about the ​The Bradley D. Gendron Memorial Scholarship here. 19.MCA Failure Fair Scholarship Though this scholarship's name is a bit unconventional, it's one of the most creative efforts for students who are talented in visual arts and design. Named after Colorado's annual Failure Fair, the scholarship program offers eight $40,000 awards each year to students who submit a unique, creative idea for a Failure Fair event or presentation. Students must be Colorado residents attending a Colorado university, and must be able to present their proposal at the Failure Fair in order to receive the scholarship funds.You can learn more about theMCA Failure Fair Scholarship here. 20.A.T. Anderson Memorial Scholarship One of the few scholarships grants offered to Colorado’s Native American students, the A.T. Anderson Memorial Scholarship is offered each year to applicants who are members of the American Indian Science and Engineering Society. In addition to maintaining a 3.0 GPA while enrolled at a Colorado college or university, applicants must be able to prove membership, via blood test results, of an American Indian tribe, an Alaskan Native Village, or a Native Hawaiian group.You can learn more about the ​A.T. Anderson Memorial Scholarship here. 21.Colorado Leveraging Educational Assistance Partnership (CLEAP) Offered to those with demonstrated financial need, all Colorado students are automatically considered for the CLEAP program upon submitting the FAFSA each year. CLEAP, which is the Colorado version of the federal Leveraging Educational Assistance Partnership Program, matches state and federal financial aid dollars, up to $1,000 total, for low-income students. The grant can be offered in the form of a traditional grant or a community work-study assignment that allows the student to study and gain valuable work experience.You can learn more about the ​Colorado Leveraging Educational Assistance Partnership (CLEAP) here. 22.Daniels Fund Boundless Opportunity Scholarship Provided in partnership with some of Colorado's largest public, private, and two-year colleges, the Boundless Opportunity Scholarship is offered by the Daniels Foundation to students who are either returning to college as adult learners or who are enrolling in college after earning a GED. The program is offered through the colleges and is typically granted upon filing the FAFSA and an institutional scholarship application. Award amounts vary from each college or university where the scholarship is offered.You can learn more about the ​Daniels Fund Boundless Opportunity Scholarship here. 23.Colorado Garden Foundation Scholarships One of the largest statewide groups for horticulture advocacy, the Colorado Garden Foundation offers three scholarship programs to students attending college in Colorado. The "Full Ride Scholarship" pays for all expenses, including tuition, room, and board, for all four years of study; the "Graduate Scholarship" covers all costs for graduate students, and the "Undergraduate Scholarship" covers all college expenses for one year. Students must be studying horticulture, turfgrass management, landscape horticulture, plant pathology, botany, or landscape design at a Colorado college to qualify.You can learn more about the ​Colorado Garden Foundation Scholarships here. 24.The Stephen T. Marchello Scholarship Foundation One of several scholarships grants for cancer survivors at Colorado colleges, this program, offers an annual award of at least $1,000 to students who survived childhood cancer in the states of Arizona, California, Colorado, and Montana. Applicants must submit their high school GPA, SAT or ACT scores, medical records that pertain to their cancer diagnosis and recovery, and at least two letters of reference from two people other than their parents. An application with several questions must also be submitted for consideration by the scholarship committee.You can learn more about the ​The Stephen T. Marchello Scholarship Foundation here. 25.College in Colorado Scholarship This scholarship for students at Colorado colleges and universities is offered to all students with a 2.5 GPA or higher, based on financial need. In order to be considered for the scholarship, students will need to have completed required coursework as stated in the application. The FAFSA must also be submitted each year when applying for financial aid so that the student's financial needs can be assessed. Up to $1,500 per year is available to students, though this amount may be reduced for students with lesser demonstrated financial need.You can learn more about the ​College in Colorado Scholarship here. 26.College in Colorado College Application Month Scholarship Team CIC, which stands for College in Colorado, is a group committed to advocacy on behalf of Colorado colleges and the importance of continuing education beyond high school. Each October, the organization celebrates National College Application Month by offering one $1,000 scholarship and several $250 IKEA gift cards for college dorm purchases. Colorado high school seniors can submit one contest entry per week during October, with the winners announced at the end of the month.You can learn more about the ​College in Colorado College Application Month Scholarship here. 27.The Dottie-Walker Scholarship Offered by the LEAD Foundation, this $1,000 scholarship is open to Colorado high school students who have been diagnosed with a learning disability like ADHD. As part of receiving the LEAD Foundation's Dottie-Walker Scholarship, the organization requests that recipients commit to self-advocacy in college classrooms and contribute to the awareness of learning disabilities among their peers. The scholarship cannot be renewed, but recipients can reapply each year. Several other opportunities are offered by the LEAD Foundation to students in specific Colorado high schools as well.You can learn more about the ​The Dottie-Walker Scholarship here. 28.Gordon Scheer Accounting Scholarship The Colorado Society of Certified Public Accountants has offered this scholarship program to Colorado accounting students since 1958. Applicants for this scholarship must be accepted or enrolled as an accounting major at a college in Colorado. A single award is made available each year, worth a maximum of $1,250. Though the scholarship cannot be renewed for all four years of an undergraduate program, scholarship winners are free to reapply each year.You can learn more about the ​Gordon Scheer Accounting Scholarship here. 29.Colorado Masons' Benevolent Fund Scholarship One of the most generous scholarship programs in the state, the Colorado Masons' Benevolent Fund Scholarship is offered to students who are graduating high school seniors. Applicants must commit to attending a Colorado college or university. Currently, the scholarship is worth $7,000; unlike many other scholarship programs in the state, this one can be renewed for up to four years of undergraduate study for a maximum award of $28,000.You can learn more about the​Colorado Masons' Benevolent Fund Scholarship here. 30.The Colorado Student Grant (CSG) Colorado, like all states nationwide, maintains a state-funded assistance programs for Colorado resident students who are studying at one of the state's two-year or four-year institutions. All students in the state are considered for the program automatically when they submit their FAFSA online. As a need-based program, grant amounts do vary. Most students will receive between $500 and $5,000, based on demonstrated need and the relative cost of their educational expenses.You can learn more about the ​The Colorado Student Grant (CSG) here. 31.The Dr. Julianne Malveaux Scholarship The Dr. Julianne Malveaux Scholarship is offered to female African-American students who are either juniors or seniors at an accredited public or private university in Colorado. The scholarship requires all applicants to have maintained at least a 3.0 GPA in a 4.0 scale. A paper application, as well as an essay on a different assigned topic each year, must be submitted for consideration by the committee. The program is non-renewable, though applicants can reapply during each of their junior and senior years.You can learn more about the ​The Dr. Julianne Malveaux Scholarship here. 32.College Invest 529 Savings Plan Scholarship Sometimes, early planning for college does pay off in a big way. Offered by College Invest to Colorado residents attending a Colorado college or university, this unique program provides an annual scholarship of up to $2,000 to Colorado students who maintain a 529 tuition savings plan with College Invest. The program is not limited to traditional, first-time students, either. Even adult students and graduate students who maintain a College Invest 529 savings plan can apply for the scholarship each year.You can learn more about the ​College Invest 529 Savings Plan Scholarship here. 33.Colorado Council Volunteerism/Community Service Scholarship The Colorado Council of High School / College Relations offers an annual scholarship to graduating high school seniors who plan to attend college in the state during the next academic year. Sixteen total awards are granted each year, with a strong emphasis on community service. An application and essay are required as part of the application process, where students should emphasize the community involvement programs that they've taken part in during their high school career. The maximum award amount is $1,500 without an option for renewal.You can learn more about the ​Colorado Council Volunteerism/Community Service Scholarship here. 34.The Boettcher Foundation Scholarship Considered one of the most prestigious scholarship programs in the country, the Boettcher Scholarship is offered to Colorado residents who are attending one of the state's public universities. The award fully covers tuition and fees, provides a $2,800 stipend to cover room and board expenses, and allows the student's college or university to allocate a small fund for purchasing required textbooks at the university bookstore. As a condition of receiving this merit-based scholarship, recipients take part in annual Boettcher Foundation gatherings and statewide events.You can learn more about the ​The Boettcher Foundation Scholarship here. 35.Denver Scholarship Foundation The Denver Scholarship Program is focused singularly on students graduating from Denver public schools. Those students can apply as graduating seniors for this unique scholarship, which is designed as a need-based program if they plan to attend one of Colorado's two-year, four-year, or vocational schools. The award amount maxes out at $5,000, though this amount can optionally be reduced for students with a lesser financial need compared to their peers.You can learn more about the Denver Scholarship Foundation here. We've worked hard to include a variety of scholarship opportunities within our list. If you have any suggestions on additional scholarships, please feel free to leave them in the comments section.

Pride and Prejudice Themes and Literary Devices

Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice is a classic comedy of manners that satirizes 18th-century society and, particularly, the expectations placed on women of the era. The novel, which follows the romantic entanglements of the Bennet sisters, includes themes of love, class, and, as one might guess, pride and prejudice. These are all covered with Austen’s signature wit, including the literary device of free indirect discourse that permits a particular style of in-depth, sometimes satirical narration. Love and Marriage As one might expect from a romantic comedy, love (and marriage) is a central theme to Pride and Prejudice. In particular, the novel focuses on the different ways love may grow or disappear, and whether or not society has room for romantic love and marriage to go together. We see love at first sight (Jane and Bingley), love that grows (Elizabeth and Darcy), and infatuation that fades (Lydia and Wickham) or has faded (Mr. and Mrs. Bennet). Throughout the story, it becomes apparent that the novel is arguing that love based on genuine compatibility is the ideal. Marriages of convenience are presented in a negative light: Charlotte marries the obnoxious Mr. Collins out of economic pragmatism and admits as much, while Lady Catherine’s imperious attempts at forcing her nephew Darcy to marry her daughter to consolidate estates are presented as outdated, unfair, and, ultimately, an unsuccessful power grab. Like several of Austen’s novels, Pride and Prejudice also cautions against infatuation with overly charming people. Wickham’s smooth manner easily charms Elizabeth, but he turns out to be deceitful and selfish and not a good romantic prospect for her. Real love is found in compatibility of character: Jane and Bingley are well-suited because of their absolute kindness, and Elizabeth and Darcy come to realize that both are strong-willed but kind and intelligent. Ultimately, the novel is a strong recommendation of love as a basis for marriage, something that was not always the case in its era. The Cost of Pride The title makes it pretty clear that pride is going to be an important theme, but the message is more nuanced than just the concept itself. Pride is presented as perfectly reasonable to some degree, but when it gets out of hand, it gets in the way of the characters’ happiness. Thus, the novel suggests that an excess of pride is costly. As Mary Bennet says in one of her memorable quotes, Pride relates more to our opinion of ourselves, vanity to what we would have others think of us.  In Pride and Prejudice, there are plenty of prideful characters, mostly among the wealthy. Pride in social position is the most common failing: Caroline Bingley and Lady Catherine both believe themselves superior because of their money and social privilege; they also are vain because they are obsessed with maintaining this image. Darcy, on the other hand, is intensely proud but not vain: he does initially place too high a value on social station, but he is so proud and secure in that pride that he doesn’t bother with even basic social niceties. This pride costs him Elizabeth at first, and it is not until he learns to temper his pride with compassion that he becomes a worthy partner. Prejudice In Pride and Prejudice, â€Å"prejudice† is not as socially charged as it is in contemporary usage. Here, the theme is more about preconceived notions and snap judgments rather than race- or gender-based biases. Prejudice is a flaw of several characters, but first and foremost it is the main flaw of our protagonist Elizabeth. She prides herself on her ability to judge character, but her observations also lead her to form bias very quickly and deeply. The most obvious example of this is her immediate prejudice against Mr. Darcy because of his dismissal of her at the ball. Because she’s already formed this opinion, she is predisposed to believe Wickham’s tales of woe without stopping to think twice. This prejudice leads her to judge him unfairly and to reject him based on partially inaccurate information. Elizabeth and Darcys relationship embodies many of the themes of Pride and Prejudice (Photo credit: Focus Features). Prejudice is not necessarily a bad thing, the novel seems to say, but like pride, it is only good so long as it is reasonable. For instance, Jane’s total lack of bias and over-willingness to â€Å"think well of everyone,† as Elizabeth puts it, is detrimental to her happiness, as it blinds her to the Bingley sisters’ true natures until it’s almost too late. Even Elizabeth’s prejudice against Darcy is not entirely unfounded: he is, in fact, proud and thinks himself above many of the people around them, and he does act to separate Jane and Bingley. In general, prejudice of the common sense variety is a useful tool, but unchecked prejudice leads to unhappiness. Social Status In general, Austen’s novels tend to focus on gentry—that is, non-titled people with some land holdings, although of varying financial statuses. The gradations between the rich gentry (like Darcy and Bingley) and those who aren’t so well off, like the Bennets, become a way to distinguish sub-strata within the gentry. Austens depictions of hereditary nobility are often a little satirical. Here, for instance, we have Lady Catherine, who at first seems powerful and intimidating. When it really comes down to it (that is, when she tries to stop the match between Elizabeth and Darcy), she is utterly powerless to do anything except yell and sound ridiculous. Although Austen does indicate that love is the most important thing in a match, she also does match up her characters with socially â€Å"appropriate† matches: the successful matches are all within their same social class, even if not of equal finances. When Lady Catherine insults Elizabeth and claims that she would be an unsuitable wife for Darcy, Elizabeth calmly replies, â€Å"He is a gentleman; I am a gentleman’s daughter. So far, we are equal.† Austen does not upend the social order in any radical way, but rather gently mocks people who obsess too much about social and financial status. Free Indirect Discourse One of the most important literary devices a reader will encounter in a Jane Austen novel is free indirect discourse. This technique is used to slide into a character’s mind and/or emotions without stepping away from third-person narration. Instead of adding a tag such as â€Å"he thought† or â€Å"she supposed,† the narrator relays a character’s thoughts and feelings as if they themselves were speaking, but without breaking from the third-person perspective. For instance, when Bingley and his party first arrive at Meryton and meet the people gathered there, Austen uses free indirect discourse to put readers directly in Bingley’s head: â€Å"Bingley had never met with pleasanter people or prettier girls in his life; every body had been most kind and attentive to him, there had been no formality, no stiffness, he had soon felt acquainted with all the room; and as to Miss Bennet, he could not conceive an angel more beautiful.† These are not statements of fact so much as they are a relay of Bingley’s thoughts; one could easily replace â€Å"Bingley† and â€Å"he/his/him† with â€Å"I† and â€Å"me† and have a perfectly sensible first-person narration from Bingley’s perspective. This technique is a hallmark of Austen’s writing and is useful in several ways. First and foremost, it’s a sophisticated way of integrating a character’s inner thoughts into third-person narration. It also offers an alternative to constant direct quotations and tags like â€Å"he said† and â€Å"she thought.† Free indirect discourse allows the narrator to convey both the content of a character’s thoughts and the tone, by using language that resembles the words the characters themselves would choose. As such, it’s a crucial literary device in Austen’s satirical approach to country society.

I Support A Bill For Universal Pre Kindergarten Education

Community Psychology Final Exam By: Kyle Dise 1. Would you support a bill for universal pre-Kindergarten education? Draw on research discussed in class and in your textbook to provide evidence for your perspective. Education is an influential and impactful topic that is always a subject on the minds of the public and for politicians. I believe that education would have an overall beneficial component because when more people are educated in a â€Å"book-self† and â€Å"street-self manner,† they are more likely to be better prepared for what the world has in store for them. So, I agree with James Heckman, the known Nobel Price-winning economist, who proposes that the earlier that kids are able to receive proper money to obtain an education, the better return for giving back to the community and spreading efficiency in those that they may interact with in the world (Smith, History of U.S. policies on child care, 2015). 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International Court Of Justice Essay Example For Students

International Court Of Justice Essay Michelle Gowka04/26/01PL SC 14HS. BremerOverviewThe issue of international terrorism is one that has engulfed the global community. With terrorism on the increase, we have seen that its importance has increased. Whether domestic or international in nature, terrorism is having an ever-increasing impact upon the international community. The United States has fallen victim to acts of terrorism recently, most notably the 1995 bombing of the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City, OK, and the 1998 bombings of U.S. Embassies in Kenya and Tanzania. Upon investigation, it was revealed that the embassy bombings were linked to Osama Bin Laden, a former Saudi Arabian National whose excessive bank accounts fund a worldwide terrorist operation. Further investigation revealed that Bin Laden was living in Afghanistan in a camp protected by his own 200-man private army and a sub-unit of the Taliban, a quasi-religious organization operating within Afghanistans borders (MSNBC, 10/12/99). T he United States, backed by other nations who have had terrorist attacks related to Bin Laden, appealed to the United Nations Security Council to call for the extradition of Osama Bin Laden for trial. In response to the request, the United Nations Security Council unanimously adopted resolution 1267 on October 15, 1999. The resolution called for sanctions to be placed on Afghanistan effective November 14, 1999 unless the Taliban turned over suspected terrorist Osama Bin Laden to the appropriate authorities. Bin Laden is currently a suspect in financing terrorist activities in nation-states such as Algeria, Jordan, Egypt, Israel, Kenya, and even the United States of America. Worldwide intelligence networks have been attempting to maintain constant surveillance of him in order to help deter further acts. However, he is still free, protected by the Taliban, who share many of the same fundamentalist beliefs with him. International Law has established several procedures for the extradition and trial of international terrorists. Currently, there are eleven documents of international law, which address the issue states responsibility for combating terrorism (USIA, Feb. 1999). Bearing in mind the precedence established in international law as well as the nature of these activities that have been associated with Osama Bin Laden, it is appropriate to impose sanctions upon the Taliban for the surrender of Osama Bin Laden to the proper authorities. I.History of International TerrorismInternational terrorism has changed in structure and design over the centuries. Jewish zealots conducted campaigns against the Romans in the first century AD, and the Hashshashin, a Shiah Muslim group who gave us the word assassin, systematically murdered those in positions and leadership during the 19th century (CSIS, July 1999). The modern age of terrorism began in the 1960s. International terrorism in its current form began in 1968. As the 1970s passed by, the explosion of extremist groups and related incidents sparked a new awareness of the dangers of terrorism. In the 1980s, Canada was the victim of several terrorist attacks carried out by Armenian and Sikh extremists, including a bombing of an Air India flight originating in Toronto, which exploded off the coast of Ireland, killing 329 people (CSIS, July 1999). The 1995 Sarin gas attack by the Aum Shinrikyo Cult in a Tokyo subway marked a new threshold in international terrorism. For the firs t time, people began to realize that similar groups could use weapons of mass destruction or plan attacks to inflict maximum casualties. The long-term effects of exposure are yet to be determined, but preliminary tests of eighteen victims conducted in January 1998 showed that their sense of balance was affected by the nerve gas (ACOEM, January 1998). II. Status of Bin LadenAt present, Bin Laden controls a comprehensive international terrorist network, all financed through Bin Ladens personal fortune. His headquarters are located in Afghanistan, and are protected by numerous Taliban soldiers. While tensions between Bin Laden and Taliban members have become strained since August 1998, he nonetheless has remained free from capture to this point. However, Security Council Resolution 1267 does indeed call for Afghanistan to turn him over to the proper international authorities. Bin Laden is officially a man without a country, as Saudi Arabia pulled his passport in 1994 amidst allegations of financing subversive activities in Egypt, Algeria, and Yemen. Bin Laden fled to Sudan, where he began working with the National Islamic Front (NIF), led by Hassan al-Turabi. While in the Sudan, he financed three terrorist training camps in cooperation with the NIF (ERRI, June 1998). After May 1996, his exact whereabouts have been unknown, with rumors placing him in places such as Yemen, in Saudi Arabia with a false passport, even captured by the Afghanistan government. Bin Laden issued three Fatwas calling for a Holy War against U.S. Forces in April 1996, February 1997, and February 1998. He is currently suspected in acts including the World Trade Center bombing, a Saudi Arabian National Guard base in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, and U.S. embassies in Kenya and Tanzania (MSNBC, 10/12/99). III. Applicability of International LawCurrent international law, even precedence established by this very court, indicates that the process of bringing Osama Bin Laden to trial is legal. Numerous conventions and treaties support this action, both globally and regionally as well. The first convention which applies is the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of Crimes Against Internationally Protected Persons, Including Diplomatic Agents, brought into effect on February 20, 1977, with 26 signatories and 126 parties to it. This convention can be applied specifically to the 1998 bombings of the U.S. embassies in Kenya and Tanzania. Article I of the Convention defines internationally protected persons as any representative or official of a State or any official or other agent of an international organization of an intergovernmental character who, at the time when and in the place where a crime against him, his official premises, his private accommodation or his means of transport is committed, is entitled pursuant to international law to special protection from any attack on his person, freedom or dignity, as well as members of his family forming part of his household. Bearing in mind the fact that these bombings did occur at official buildings, these acts fall under this convention. Article 7 further states that the nation-state which houses the alleged offender shall either extradite him for trial or hold a trial on their own soil. This treaty lays out the definition of protected persons and establishes a code of conduct for bringing such criminals to trial. In the play Macbeth by William Shakespeare, Lady M Essay2.Who has jurisdiction over Bin Laden?This question was also interesting in that it called into question who should be responsible for trying Bin Laden if he is brought up for trial. Since the bombings in question took place in Kenya and Tanzania, the committee thought that they would have had first opportunity to try him. However, the fact that these bombings took place at United States Embassies meant that the US also had jurisdiction. This fact, although unimportant in the end, was largely ignored after brought up briefly in the beginning of the session. Another question affecting the jurisdiction issue was the question of whether or not the Taliban was the de facto government of Afghanistan. The fact that the Afghan representatives were not from the Taliban clouded this issue amidst questions of command, control, and recognition. This question was ultimately split, as the voting members of the committee (Kenya/Tanzania, Saudi Arabia and Afghanistan excluded) could not reach consensus on whether the Taliban or the United States should have jurisdiction in this case. The Taliban had apparently made overtures to United States officials regarding a deal, but the US refusal to come to terms left questions. The answer to this question was ultimately determined with the next question. 3.Should Osama Bin Laden be extradited?The question of whether Osama Bin Laden should be extradited was yet another point of contention. Since the Taliban was receiving little or no cooperation from other nations in terms of gathering evidence from which to begin court proceedings, it was determined that the Taliban should not be forced to extradite him at the present time. However, the members of the committee were quick to point out that while Bin Laden should not be extradited at this time, measures should be taken to extradite him if the Taliban fails to begin court proceedings within a reasonable timeframe of undetermined duration. This question took into account the previous two questions, which when combined led to the final question of the evening. 4.Was the decision to impose sanctions on the Taliban legal?The question at hand is the one the International Court of Justice Special Advisory Committee was asked to answer. Whether or not this action was legal under international law could mean the difference between success and failure in terms of finding a way to bring Osama Bin Laden to trial for these bombings. The committee decided by a 5-1 margin that the sanctions were not legal under international law. As an interested party, I was unable to vote, but I felt that the committee had made the proper decision given the available information with a few exceptions. The committee, prodded by the Justice from Afghanistan, considered Article 33 to be above and beyond anything outlined elsewhere in the Charter. This meant that the question was only considered from the one perspective, and not from the perspective of Article 44, which was also brought up for discussion.Additionally, the fact that we had no clear information regarding whether or not Kenya and Tanzania had given up their right to try Bin Laden left the committee with questions regarding who had jurisdiction over the case if it was ever brought forth. Finally, the fact that most of the justices agreed that there was insufficient information to determine whether all other measures were taken first was troublesome. I felt that without sufficient information either confirming or denying that other steps has previously been taken, the decision to rule on the question at all would set a dangerous precedent if carried out in the real international Court of Justice. Therefore, I felt that any decision should have been made only after information was found clearly outlining what measures had and had not been taken by the United States and the Taliban in resolving this dispute. In conclusion, I felt that while the ICJ members did an exceptional job in disseminating information and utilizing international law to make a determination regarding the legality of imposing sanctions, there should have been more information available to make this determination. In most legal systems, attempts are made to obtain all available evidence before making judicial decisions, and I believe that more information was needed, because I still have numerous questions regarding this issue on the whole. 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